[
  {
    "id": "eu-opendesk",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "openDesk (ZenDiS, Germany)",
    "summary": "Open-source office and collaboration suite built from European components and operated/maintained by ZenDiS, a federally owned GmbH founded December 2022. Version 1.0 released 20 October 2024; a 2026 press item reports about 100,000 administrative workstations on openDesk and a September 2026 partner programme for private providers. Round 3: opendesk.eu states ZenDiS (founded Dec 2022) operates it for public administration, commissioned by the federal digital ministry (BMDS); the BMDS page sets the target of a sovereign alternative to proprietary workplaces for federal administration by October 2028, piloted in first federal agencies. Workstation counts remain unconfirmed by primary sources.",
    "since": "2022 (ZenDiS); 2024-10-20 (v1.0)",
    "scale": "federal pilot; target federal-wide by Oct 2028; ~100,000 workstations is a press claim only",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.opendesk.eu/en/about",
      "https://bmds.bund.de/en/themen/digitale-souveraenitaet/digitale-souveraenitaet-in-der-oeffentlichen-verwaltung/souveraener-arbeitsplatz",
      "https://www.zendis.de/en/newsroom/press/zendis-tdot2026"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-lasuite",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "La Suite numerique (DINUM, France): Docs, Visio, Tchap",
    "summary": "State collaborative suite for French public agents, hosted in France (SecNumCloud at Outscale except Tchap), code on GitHub under MIT/AGPL, single sign-on via ProConnect. Docs uses the Dutch BlockNote editor and is reported as co-developed with Germany (ZenDiS). A DINUM presentation of March 2026 cites 400K monthly active users on Tchap and 100K on Visio; the Cour des comptes criticised low adoption in 2024.",
    "since": "c. 2024 (suite); figures March 2026",
    "scale": "400K MAU Tchap, 100K MAU Visio (DINUM slides, Mar 2026)",
    "sources": [
      "https://lasuite.numerique.gouv.fr/produits/tchap",
      "https://archive.numerique.gouv.fr/espace-presse/lancement-de-tchap-la-messagerie-instantanee-des-agents-de-letat/",
      "https://indico.math.cnrs.fr/event/15889/contributions/15215/attachments/6380/11212/2026-03-11-journees-mathrice-la-suite-DINUM.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A-v",
    "note": "Official La Suite/DINUM pages confirm the suite and Tchap; user-count figures conflict between DINUM pages, so use the Tchap entry for scale."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-tchap",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Tchap (Matrix, France)",
    "summary": "French government secure messenger built on the Matrix protocol (end-to-end encrypted, decentralised), part of La Suite numerique and hosted in the Interior Ministry cloud. About 400K monthly active users per a March 2026 DINUM presentation. Start date and original deployment scale not verified here.",
    "since": "beta announced 2019-04-19 (DINSIC; project started early 2018)",
    "scale": "DINUM figures inconsistent by page/date: >600k agents, >800k monthly (La Suite), ~400k daily (Jul 2026); PM circular Jul 2025 encourages use",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.numerique.gouv.fr/espace-presse/lancement-de-tchap-la-messagerie-instantanee-des-agents-de-letat/",
      "https://tchap.numerique.gouv.fr/",
      "https://lasuite.numerique.gouv.fr/produits/tchap",
      "https://tchap.beta.gouv.fr/a-propos/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-bwmessenger",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "BwMessenger (Bundeswehr, Matrix/Element)",
    "summary": "Matrix-based secure messenger for the German armed forces, announced with Element in November 2020 for more than 50,000 users. Later vendor material reports more than 100,000 active users. No independent Bundeswehr/BWI count found.",
    "since": "2020-11 (BWI first-anniversary article, Nov 2021)",
    "scale": "~65,000 downloads in first year (BWI); >100,000 users later claim (press 2023)",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.bwi.de/magazin/artikel/ein-jahr-bwmessenger-sichere-chat-loesung-fuer-die-bundeswehr-wird-kontinuierlich-ausgebaut",
      "https://messenger.bwi.de/bwmessenger",
      "https://element.io/blog/bwmessenger-goes-live-for-bundeswehr/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-schleswig-holstein",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Schleswig-Holstein migration to LibreOffice and open source",
    "summary": "State administration moving from Microsoft Office to LibreOffice, then planned Open-Xchange/Thunderbird, Nextcloud and Linux. Trade press reports almost 80% of workstations on LibreOffice by end 2025 and about 20% still needing Microsoft licences; savings claims (over EUR 15M) are the state's own. Linux timetable was unannounced.",
    "since": "2024-04 cabinet decision",
    "scale": "~80% of workplaces (excl. tax administration) on LibreOffice, Dec 2025; ~44,000 mailboxes on Open-Xchange/Thunderbird completed 2 Oct 2025; >EUR15M licence savings vs EUR9M one-off 2026 investment (state own figures)",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/I/Presse/PI/2025/cds/251204_cds_open-source",
      "https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/I/Presse/PI/2025/cds/251006_cds_ox",
      "https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/I/Presse/PI/2024/CdS/240403_cds_it-arbeitsplatz",
      "https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/I/Presse/PI/2026/cds/260919_cds_linux_stk"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-developers-italia",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Developers Italia, art. 69 CAD reuse and publiccode.yml (Italy)",
    "summary": "Italian public administrations that develop or commission software must, under art. 69 of the Digital Administration Code, obtain full ownership, publish in a public repository under an OSI-approved licence, and describe it with publiccode.yml. A crawler builds the national Developers Italia catalogue from those files; publiccode.yml is also documented by Joinup/OSOR. The legal text and current AgID guidelines were not checked directly.",
    "since": "CAD art. 69 (date not checked)",
    "scale": "catalogue size not retrieved",
    "sources": [
      "https://developers.italia.it/en/reuse/publication",
      "https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/publiccodeyml-standard",
      "https://publiccodeyml.readthedocs.io/"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified",
    "evidence": "B",
    "note": "Round 3: developers.italia.it confirms the Reusable Software Catalogue and AgID reuse guidelines (EUPL recommended) but not the art. 69 text or catalogue size; needs agid.gov.it / normattiva check."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-xroad",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "X-Road (NIIS: Estonia, Finland, Iceland)",
    "summary": "Open-source data-exchange layer for government services. NIIS, a non-profit run by member governments, was founded by Estonia and Finland in 2017; Iceland joined 1 June 2021. Faroe Islands, Aland and Ukraine are partners. An undated Interoperable Europe fact sheet also lists Germany and El Salvador as users.",
    "since": "NIIS 2017; Iceland 2021-06-01",
    "scale": "3 member states + partners",
    "sources": [
      "https://niis.org/news-archive?year=2019",
      "https://news.err.ee/915067/iceland-latest-nation-to-adopt-estonia-s-x-road-platform",
      "https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/nordic-interoperability"
    ],
    "status": "verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-decidim",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Decidim (Barcelona)",
    "summary": "Citizen-participation platform developed by Barcelona City Council as free/open-source software, for consultations, debates and participatory budgeting. Start year (reportedly 2016) and the number of institutions using it could not be confirmed from the sources found.",
    "since": "2016-02 (Barcelona City Council + community)",
    "scale": ">400 instances in 20 countries (City Council page, undated); Generalitat de Catalunya adopted; 2021 tripartite agreement; development agreement approved 2025-11-26",
    "sources": [
      "https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/innovaciodemocratica/en/decidim",
      "https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/2021/02/18/lajuntament-la-generalitat-i-lassociacio-decidim-signen-un-conveni-de-collaboracio-per-impulsar-la-participacio-democratica-amb-tecnologies-lliures-i-obertes/",
      "https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/accessible-and-participatory/accessible-and-participatory-5"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-sta",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "funding",
    "title": "Sovereign Tech Fund / Agency (Germany)",
    "summary": "German programme funding maintenance of open digital infrastructure, run by the Sovereign Tech Agency (subsidiary of SPRIND). The agency's November 2025 newsletter reports EUR 33.6M invested in 96 technologies; a June 2025 Interoperable Europe case study gave over EUR 24.6M for 60+ projects. A heise figure of EUR 114M conflicts and is not used.",
    "since": "2022 (fund); agency status 2024",
    "scale": "EUR 33.6M, 96 technologies (Nov 2025, agency)",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.sovereign.tech/news/newsletter-november-2025",
      "https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/node/731113",
      "https://www.sovereign.tech/news/stf-part-of-new-sovereign-tech-agency"
    ],
    "status": "verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-nl-code-overheid",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "code.overheid.nl (Netherlands)",
    "summary": "Government-wide self-hosted Forgejo platform for publishing and developing open source, soft-launched 27 April 2026 by the Interior Ministry (BZK) Open Source Programme Office with SSC-ICT DAWO, Opensourcewerken and developer.overheid.nl; pilot, not all organisations can use it yet.",
    "since": "2026-04-27 (soft launch)",
    "scale": "pilot; no user/project counts",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.nldigitalgovernment.nl/news/soft-launch-for-government-open-source-code-platform/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-lutece",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Lutece or other French catalogue",
    "summary": "Not searched or found within the research budget.",
    "since": "",
    "scale": "",
    "sources": [],
    "status": "not found"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-no-pa-reuse-policy",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "governance",
    "title": "No formal PA open-source procurement or reuse policy (as of July 2023)",
    "summary": "The EU-commissioned OFE report states there are no formal procurement or reuse policies specifically addressing OSS in Chinese public administrations, while provinces promote adoption as industrial policy. This is the baseline for the 'harder side' of the PA-reuse comparison and predates the 2025-26 regional plans.",
    "since": "2023-07 (snapshot)",
    "scale": "national",
    "sources": [
      "https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/OSS%20Country%20Intelligence%20Report%20China.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "note": "Round 3: superseded in part by municipal plans (Shenzhen 2024, Wuhan 2026, Chongqing 2026) encouraging public-funds use for OpenHarmony; still no national procurement/reuse regime found."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openharmony-longgang",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "OpenHarmony Application Innovation Lab, Longgang District, Shenzhen",
    "summary": "Inaugurated 18 March 2026 at the Longgang Smart Center, initiated by the district Government Services and Data Administration Bureau with Huawei, Shenzhen Kaihong Digital Industry and China DataCom. Aim: adapt and transform government information systems to OpenHarmony; page gives no budget or deployment numbers.",
    "since": "2026-03-18",
    "scale": "one district lab; no quantified output",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.lg.gov.cn/english/news/latestnews/content/post_12698243.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openharmony-infrastructure",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "OpenHarmony in infrastructure (tunnel, power grid, education)",
    "summary": "Search-derived reports cite a Chengde (Hebei) expressway smart-tunnel system on OpenHarmony and China Southern Power Grid's 'Dian Hong' IoT system in Shenzhen Qianhai, Guangzhou Nansha and Zhuhai Hengqin pilot zones, plus education products. A January 2026 article claims code growth from 7M to 130M lines and nearly 10,000 contributors. No metro/rail case, no installed-base statistics, and no .gov.cn primary source were found.",
    "since": "2026 reports",
    "scale": "unverified; pilots",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.opensourceforu.com/2026/01/openharmony-scales-from-codebase-to-national-infrastructure-platform/",
      "https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202604/29/WS69f1acc1a310942cc49aa18e.html",
      "https://jamestown.org/program/open-source-technology-and-prc-national-strategy-part-ii/"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openeuler-gov",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "openEuler / openKylin in government and public sector",
    "summary": "Jamestown reports openEuler running State Grid's dispatch-centre system and China Southern Power Grid; Reuters-derived coverage says openKylin (July 2023) was released as China's first homegrown open-source desktop OS, with authorities seeking alternatives for high-security computers. Market-share claims for government (70-90%) come from vendor-promotional Chinese articles and are not accepted. No official .gov.cn adoption data found.",
    "since": "openKylin 2023-07; openEuler 2019-2021",
    "scale": "unverified",
    "sources": [
      "https://jamestown.org/open-source-technology-and-prc-national-strategy-part-i",
      "https://www.thestandard.com.hk/china/article/205699/China-releases-its-first-open-source-computer-operating-system",
      "https://www.openeuler.org/en/community/organization/"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-gitee-miit",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Gitee as MIIT-endorsed code-hosting platform",
    "summary": "MERICS records that in August 2020 MIIT handpicked Gitee as China's independent open-source hosting platform, with reported 5M+ registered members and about 10M projects (platform self-reported, 2021). Not a government code-sharing or reuse platform for administrations as such.",
    "since": "2020-08 (MIIT); Gitee 2013",
    "scale": "5M+ members, ~10M projects (self-reported, 2021)",
    "sources": [
      "https://22.merics.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/MERICS%20Primer%20Open%20Source%202021_0.pdf",
      "https://www.scmp.com/abacus/tech/article/3099107/china-pins-its-hopes-gitee-open-source-alternative-microsofts-github"
    ],
    "status": "verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-gov-code-sharing-platform",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Chinese government open-source code-sharing or reuse platform",
    "summary": "No national or provincial government platform for administrations to share and reuse code (analogue of Code.gov or Developers Italia) was found in the searches run; Chinese-language searches returned only US and Dutch examples.",
    "since": "",
    "scale": "",
    "sources": [],
    "status": "not found"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-provincial-cloud-reuse",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Provincial government cloud with open-source reuse",
    "summary": "Not found. The OFE report says provinces promote OSS as industrial policy; no specific provincial government-cloud reuse case was verified.",
    "since": "",
    "scale": "",
    "sources": [
      "https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/OSS%20Country%20Intelligence%20Report%20China.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "not found"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-riscv-public-sector",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "governance",
    "title": "RISC-V in the public sector / national guidance",
    "summary": "Reuters-based reports from early 2025 say eight bodies including the CAC and MIIT were drafting the first official guidance promoting RISC-V use. Whether it was issued, and any actual public-sector procurement (State Grid, Beijing, Shenzhen), was not confirmed.",
    "since": "2025 (draft guidance reported)",
    "scale": "unverified",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/chinese-government-shifts-focus-from-x86-and-arm-cpus-promoting-the-adoption-of-risc-v-chips",
      "https://www.trendforce.com/news/2025/03/04/news-china-reportedly-set-to-roll-out-nationwide-risc-v-chip-push-with-policy-expected-by-march/"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openharmony-metro",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "OpenHarmony in metro or rail",
    "summary": "No metro or rail case found.",
    "since": "",
    "scale": "",
    "sources": [],
    "status": "not found"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-riscv-international-swiss",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "governance",
    "title": "RISC-V International incorporated in Switzerland",
    "summary": "The RISC-V Foundation announced a move to Switzerland in November 2019; per the official FAQ, RISC-V International Association moved its incorporation to Switzerland in March 2020, reportedly over US trade-curb concerns. Members include Chinese (e.g. Alibaba DAMO) and non-Chinese firms; no member counts by region retrieved.",
    "since": "2020-03",
    "scale": "global membership; breakdown not retrieved",
    "sources": [
      "https://riscv.org/about/faq/",
      "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/risc-v-foundation-will-move-to-switzerland/"
    ],
    "status": "verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-oss-europe-2025-keynote",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "implicit-collaboration",
    "title": "Europe-China Open Source keynote, OSS Europe 2025",
    "summary": "Keynote of 27 Aug 2025 by Yehui Wang (OSS-Compass/Huawei) and Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar (Bitergia) proposing complementary cooperation. Cites 92.53M commits (Europe) vs 50.34M (China) and 5.6M vs 3.03M active projects from the OpenAtom 2024 report. Industry data, Huawei-affiliated speaker.",
    "since": "2025-08-27",
    "scale": "talk; dataset figures as stated",
    "sources": [
      "https://compass.gitee.com/blog/2025/08/29/OSS-EU2025",
      "https://osseu2025.sched.com/event/25VuY/europe-china-open-source-digital-sovereignty-sustained-collaboration-yehui-wang-huawei-daniel-izquierdo-cortazar-bitergia"
    ],
    "status": "verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-eclipse-oniro-openharmony",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "implicit-collaboration",
    "title": "Eclipse Foundation (Brussels) and OpenAtom: Oniro for OpenHarmony",
    "summary": "The Eclipse Foundation hosts the Oniro for OpenHarmony project to extend the OpenHarmony code base for European and global markets, in collaboration with OpenAtom. The US House Select Committee questioned this in a letter of 4 June 2025. The letter cites the Eclipse project page; the project page itself was not fetched.",
    "since": "project page dated 2023-02-02 (per letter footnote)",
    "scale": "not quantified",
    "sources": [
      "https://democrats-selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/20250604-sccletter-eclipsefoundation-harmonyos_0.pdf",
      "https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/oniro.oniro4openharmony"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-linux-kernel-huawei",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "implicit-collaboration",
    "title": "Chinese contributions to the Linux kernel",
    "summary": "Huawei ranked first by patches and second by changed lines for Linux 5.10 (Dec 2020) per kernel statistics reported by It's FOSS and The Register; some maintainers criticised low-value commits made to raise metrics. A conference write-up claims Chinese developers contributed over 20% of patches since 2021 (secondary, unverified). Use by European administrations is implicit, not documented here.",
    "since": "2020 (5.10)",
    "scale": "Huawei #1 by patches in 5.10; 20% claim unverified",
    "sources": [
      "https://itsfoss.com/news/huawei-kernel-contribution/",
      "https://www.theregister.com/2021/06/26/linux_kernel_contributor_from_huawei/"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-apache-china-projects",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "implicit-collaboration",
    "title": "Apache projects originating in China",
    "summary": "ShardingSphere (developed at Dangdang, entered Incubator Nov 2018) became a top-level project in April 2020; DolphinScheduler graduated 17 March 2021 per ASF records. Chinese origin of Doris, Kylin and IoTDB, and any European administrations using these projects, were not verified.",
    "since": "2020-2021",
    "scale": "2 of 5 candidates confirmed as ASF TLPs; European users unverified",
    "sources": [
      "https://sdtimes.com/data/apache-shardingsphere-now-top-level-project/",
      "https://news.apache.org/?p=3704",
      "https://incubator.apache.org/projects/dolphinscheduler.html"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-merics-eu-cn-links",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "implicit-collaboration",
    "title": "European-Chinese corporate open-source links (2021 snapshot)",
    "summary": "MERICS (2021) reports Eclipse Foundation moving its headquarters to Brussels, Alibaba's acquisition of German startup Data Artisans to build a big-data open-source initiative, and Bertelsmann's Asia investment arm as an investor in PingCAP. Baidu Apollo is cited as useful to European firms. Facts are taken from the primer, not re-verified.",
    "since": "2020-2021",
    "scale": "cases",
    "sources": [
      "https://22.merics.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/MERICS%20Primer%20Open%20Source%202021_0.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified"
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-cn-use-of-european-commons",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "implicit-collaboration",
    "title": "Chinese use of European commons (LibreOffice, Matrix, Nextcloud, OnlyOffice, X-Road, Decidim) and Chinese participation in TDF/Matrix/Nextcloud",
    "summary": "Not searched within the budget; no evidence collected.",
    "since": "",
    "scale": "",
    "sources": [],
    "status": "not found"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-dk-digmin",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Danish Ministry of Digital Affairs: LibreOffice (2025)",
    "summary": "Reported move of the ministry from Microsoft Office to LibreOffice from summer 2025; Politiken retracted the Windows-to-Linux claim. Copenhagen and Aarhus reported reviewing/replacing Microsoft. Only tech-press rewrites found; no official ministry document.",
    "since": "2025",
    "scale": "one ministry; unverified",
    "sources": [
      "https://heise.de/-10438942",
      "https://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/News/Danish-Ministry-of-Digital-Affairs-Transitions-to-Linux"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified",
    "evidence": "C"
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-munich-limux",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Munich LiMux: cautionary history",
    "summary": "City council decided in Nov 2017 to move to Windows 10 by 2020 (~EUR90M estimated cost) after staff complaints; contested as political. Oct 2024 reported five-point open-source plan. Negative lesson; primary council documents not read.",
    "since": "2004 (LiMux); 2017 reversal",
    "scale": "not verified here",
    "sources": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiMux",
      "https://fsfe.org/news/2017/news-20170301-01",
      "https://lwn.net/Articles/716174/"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified",
    "evidence": "B"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-wuhan-openharmony-plan",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Wuhan OpenHarmony ecosystem plan with public-funds clause (2026)",
    "summary": "General Office of Wuhan Municipal Government document Wuzhengban [2026] No.3 (signed 5 Jan, published 15 Jan 2026): 30+ OpenHarmony+government scenarios by 2027 (transport, utility pipelines, tunnels, waterlogging, government services); batch adaptation of municipal government apps with funding guaranteed; Party/government bodies, public institutions and SOEs encouraged to use public funds to build or upgrade OpenHarmony-based IoT systems. Targets, not results.",
    "since": "2026-01-15",
    "scale": "2027 targets: 100 demo scenarios, 200 apps, 100,000 developers",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.wuhan.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgk/zfwj/bgtwj/202601/t20260115_2712182.shtml",
      "https://jxj.wuhan.gov.cn/xxgk_9/wjcx/gfxwjsjk/202604/t20260413_2752401.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-shenzhen-openharmony-2024",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Shenzhen 2024 action plan for OpenHarmony native apps",
    "summary": "Issued by the Shenzhen Bureau of Industry and Information Technology (hosted on sz.gov.cn, 3 Mar 2024; a joint issue with the Government Services and Data Bureau appears in a search listing): publicly funded government-service software should launch OpenHarmony native versions in 2024; public bodies asked to build city-management and public-service apps; healthcare/education verticals targeted. Targets, no outcome data.",
    "since": "2024-03-03",
    "scale": "targets: >1,000 qualified firms, ~500,000 developers, no budget stated",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/xxgk/zfxxgj/zcfg/content/post_11171745.html",
      "http://gxj.sz.gov.cn/xxgk/xxgkml/zcfgjzcjd/content/post_11171743.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-chongqing-openharmony-2026",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Chongqing OpenHarmony application-innovation plan (2026)",
    "summary": "Chongqing Economic and Information Commission issued the work plan on 14 Apr 2026 (reported on the municipal portal, source Chongqing Daily): 1 alliance, 3 platforms, N scenarios; government affairs and public utilities adapt first, then healthcare, education, finance; 10 typical scenarios and 20,000 developers by 2027, 50,000 by 2030. Plan text itself not read.",
    "since": "2026-04-14",
    "scale": "targets only",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.cq.gov.cn/ywdt/jrcq/202604/t20260415_15611230.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A-v"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-yuezhengyi-harmonyos",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Yue Zhengyi (Guangdong provincial government collaboration app) on HarmonyOS",
    "summary": "Guangdong Provincial Administration of Government Services and Data Management announced on 14 Aug 2025 that the HarmonyOS NEXT version of the provincial government collaboration app opened for download/update to provincial government staff, after a native-architecture rebuild; the agency calls it the first million-user HarmonyOS government collaboration app. The same page says Yue Sheng Shi and Yue Shang Tong had joined the HarmonyOS ecosystem and app markets. Caveats: the page says HarmonyOS NEXT, not OpenHarmony; user figures are self-reported; HarmonyOS NEXT is a Huawei-led commercial OS (its relation to OpenHarmony is an inference, not stated). A deployment by a named provincial government body, but not open-source code reuse in the EU sense.",
    "since": "2025-08-14",
    "scale": "provincial staff; million-level users (self-reported)",
    "sources": [
      "https://zfsg.gd.gov.cn/xxfb/ywsd/content/post_4758463.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Round 4. Counts as a deployment case by a named .gov.cn body. Open-source status of the stack is partial (inference).",
    "gate_a_counts": false,
    "gate_a_reason": "HarmonyOS (proprietary Huawei stack): kept as context, not counted as open-source reuse (Fabio, 2 Nov 2026)"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-suihaoban-harmonyos",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Sui Hao Ban (Guangzhou municipal service app) HarmonyOS 5 version",
    "summary": "Guangzhou Municipal Administration of Government Services and Data Management FAQ page (20 Sep 2025) describes the HarmonyOS 5 version of the Sui Hao Ban app: dark mode, HarmonyOS account login, in-app file folder, new rendering engine. Deployment by a named municipal body; same caveat as Yue Zhengyi: HarmonyOS, not stated as OpenHarmony.",
    "since": "2025-09-20",
    "scale": "municipal app; no user figures",
    "sources": [
      "https://zsj.gz.gov.cn/zmhd/cjwt/shbapp/content/post_10480793.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Round 4.",
    "gate_a_counts": false,
    "gate_a_reason": "HarmonyOS (proprietary Huawei stack): kept as context, not counted as open-source reuse (Fabio, 2 Nov 2026)"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-guangzhou-harmony-plan-2026",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Guangzhou Harmony Smart City Action Plan 2026-2028 (government terminals)",
    "summary": "Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Industry and IT (Sui Gong Xin Han [2026] No. 192, letter 25 Jun 2026): leverage provincial and municipal open-source HarmonyOS adaptation centres; commitment to convert government terminals to HarmonyOS and embed it in data sharing, administrative approval and regulation; target of at least 100 demonstration scenarios by end-2028. Plan, not outcome. Related reports (secondary): Guangdong OpenHarmony adaptation sub-centre (Guangzhou) unveiled in Baiyun district 21 Mar 2026; provincial service-industry plan (19 Jun 2026, via ITHome) refers to the provincial centre.",
    "since": "2026-06-25",
    "scale": "targets only",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.gz.gov.cn/zt/gzzzlsqj/zcyzt/gxzc/content/post_10968068.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Round 4. Supporting but secondary: https://www.ithome.com/0/966/519.htm, https://m.mp.oeeee.com/a/BAAFRD0000202603211542935.html (not fetchable, HTTP 493), https://www.cs.com.cn/ssgs/01/2026/05/30/detail_2026053010015098.html",
    "gate_a_counts": false,
    "gate_a_reason": "HarmonyOS (proprietary Huawei stack): kept as context, not counted as open-source reuse (Fabio, 2 Nov 2026)"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-harmonyos-900-gov-apps",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "900+ government and civic apps adapted to HarmonyOS (CAICT-cited)",
    "summary": "A Sina/Caixun report (Aug 2026) citing a CAICT 2025 government digital-transformation report says 900+ government/civic apps (e.g. Jing Tong, Sui Shen Ban, Yue Sheng Shi, E Hui Ban, Min Zheng Tong) and office systems of 4,000+ government/enterprise units were adapted. Secondary, not verified against CAICT; the 15-province office-app claim comes from a Sept 2025 syndicated piece.",
    "since": "2025-2026",
    "scale": "900+ apps (reported)",
    "sources": [
      "https://news.sina.cn/sx/2026-08-12/detail-inimzivx4114695.d.html",
      "https://m.tech.china.com/hea/articles/20250917/202509171733810.html"
    ],
    "status": "partly verified",
    "evidence": "C",
    "note": "Round 4. Context only; does not count toward gate A.",
    "gate_a_counts": false,
    "gate_a_reason": "HarmonyOS (proprietary Huawei stack): kept as context, not counted as open-source reuse (Fabio, 2 Nov 2026)"
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-fujian-egov-cloud-openeuler",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Fujian provincial e-government cloud offers openEuler 20.03 as default server OS",
    "summary": "The official IaaS service-registration form of the Fujian Provincial E-Government Cloud Computing Platform (published on xxzx.fujian.gov.cn, PDF dated 9 May 2025) lists openEuler-20.03 (64-bit) as the DEFAULT operating system offered by the platform operator (星云公司), alongside NeoKylin V7.0 and Kylin Advanced Server V10. Fact: openEuler is the default OS of a provincial government cloud open to all provincial bodies. Not shown: number of VMs actually running it.",
    "since": "by May 2025",
    "scale": "province-wide shared platform (usage volume not published)",
    "sources": [
      "https://xxzx.fujian.gov.cn/bsfw/yjspt/202311/P020250509556759188404.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Round 5. Lead from Qwen (reviews/2026-11-02_qwen_cn-pa-oss-cases.md), verified by Claude by downloading the PDF and reading the text (line: openEuler-20.03（64 位）(默认)). First documented case of a named Chinese government platform defaulting to UPSTREAM openEuler."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-yancheng-egov-cloud-openeuler",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Yancheng (Jiangsu) e-government cloud offers openEuler to municipal projects",
    "summary": "Correction notice (3) of the Yancheng municipal social-governance command platform phase II procurement, published by the Yancheng Finance Bureau on 4 Mar 2026: OS and DB for domestic adaptation are requested from the data department and provided by the Yancheng e-government cloud; OS options are HuaweiCloudEulerOS, Ubuntu, openEuler. Fact: openEuler is an offered OS of a municipal government cloud used by a named project.",
    "since": "by Mar 2026",
    "scale": "municipal government cloud",
    "sources": [
      "https://czj.yancheng.gov.cn/art/2026/3/4/art_20148_25314.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": true,
    "note": "Round 5b. Lead from Qwen, verified by Claude (page text read)."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-jinan-egov-cloud-openeuler",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Jinan e-government cloud price list includes open-source OS (Ubuntu / openEuler / Anolis)",
    "summary": "Jinan Big Data Bureau 2024 departmental final accounts (PDF on jndsj.jinan.gov.cn, Jan 2026 upload): the e-government cloud service price list has a line \"开源操作系统 Ubuntu/open 欧拉/龙蜥等, 套*月, 64位\" at 28.26 yuan per set-month, next to Windows Server at 60.56. Fact: the municipal government cloud bills open-source OS (incl. openEuler) as a standard service, at under half the Windows price.",
    "since": "2024 (accounts year)",
    "scale": "municipal government cloud",
    "sources": [
      "https://jndsj.jinan.gov.cn/cms_files/complat3/48720/attach/20261/4fb4517a1db8410d90a79f53248d7e1a.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": true,
    "note": "Round 5b. Lead from Qwen, verified by Claude (pdftotext). Also a cost data point: open-source OS 28.26 vs Windows Server 60.56 yuan/set-month."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-eclipse-sdv",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Eclipse SDV and S-CORE (software-defined vehicle)",
    "summary": "Eclipse Foundation working group for open-source software-defined-vehicle software. Governed via a Steering Committee, Technical Committee, Functional Safety Committee and Marketing Committee. Eclipse S-CORE (Safe Open Vehicle Core) builds a modular open-source core stack for embedded high-performance ECUs.",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "member count not stated on the official page",
    "sources": [
      "https://eclipsesdv.org/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Governance: Eclipse Foundation (Europe-based non-profit), industry-led. Licence not stated on the page (check per repo). Public funding: not documented. Chinese members: none named on the page (not verified either way)."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-eclipse-oniro",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Eclipse Oniro (OpenHarmony-based, vendor-neutral)",
    "summary": "Eclipse Foundation project run by a member Working Group under a charter; established through collaboration between the Eclipse Foundation and the OpenAtom Foundation; builds on and extends OpenHarmony.",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "n/d",
    "sources": [
      "https://oniroproject.org/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Fact: an EU-hosted project built on a Chinese open-source base, co-established with OpenAtom (direct EU-CN bridge). Licence not stated on the page (EPL-2.0 linked in general Legal section). Huawei participation: not stated on the page."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-scs",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Sovereign Cloud Stack (SCS)",
    "summary": "European initiative: open community plus Forum SCS-Standards that co-develop standards and open-source software for IaaS and Kubernetes-as-a-Service. Certified offerings listed: IaaS providers (REGIO.cloud, CNDS, ScaleUp, Cloud&Heat), KaaS (Syself, ScaleUp, noris).",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "4 certified IaaS providers and 3 KaaS offerings listed on the site (self-published)",
    "sources": [
      "https://sovereigncloudstack.org/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Affiliated with the Open Source Business Alliance (logo on page). Licence and funding not stated on the page. Chinese participants: not mentioned."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-ipcei-cis",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "IPCEI-CIS (Next Generation Cloud Infrastructure and Services)",
    "summary": "Important Project of Common European Interest approved by the European Commission on 5 December 2023: up to EUR 1.2 billion public funding from 7 member states (FR, DE, HU, IT, NL, PL, ES), expected to unlock EUR 1.4 billion private investment; 19 companies; aim an interoperable, openly accessible European data-processing ecosystem.",
    "since": "2023-12-05",
    "scale": "EUR 1.2 bn public (cap) + EUR 1.4 bn private (expected)",
    "sources": [
      "https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/state-aid/ipcei/approved-ipceis/cloud_cs",
      "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_23_6246/IP_23_6246_EN.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Governance: member states + Commission; Germany co-coordinates. The Commission page does not mention open-source licensing; the open-source reference infrastructure by end-2027 is reported by press only (C)."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-tractusx-catenax",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Eclipse Tractus-X / Catena-X (automotive data space)",
    "summary": "Open-source dataspace software (Eclipse Tractus-X) for the Catena-X Automotive Network, whose association is the governance body. Tractus-X is hosted with partners incl. BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, Fraunhofer ISST, IDSA; BMWE listed as partner.",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "Catena-X claims over 1000 companies (self-reported); Tractus-X lists 8 community bases in 8 countries incl. China",
    "sources": [
      "https://eclipse-tractusx.github.io/",
      "https://catena-x.net/en/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Fact: Tractus-X lists a China community base; Catena-X logo wall includes CATL and Huawei (roles not described). Membership figures are self-reported claims. Licence not stated on the pages visited. Funding: BMWE listed as partner, amount not documented."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-dare-riscv",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "DARE: Digital Autonomy with RISC-V in Europe (EuroHPC)",
    "summary": "EuroHPC JU project coordinated by BSC: up to EUR 120 million from EuroHPC JU/Horizon Europe matched by participating states (about EUR 240 m total reported for SGA1); 38 partners from 13 countries; designs one general-purpose RISC-V processor and two accelerators plus a RISC-V HPC/AI software stack. Framework agreement running to 2030.",
    "since": "2025-03-06",
    "scale": "38 partners, 13 countries",
    "sources": [
      "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/advancing-european-sovereignty-hpc-risc-v-2025-03-06_en",
      "https://bsc.es/research-and-development/projects/dare-fpa-digital-autonomy-risc-v-europe"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "The EUR 240 m total is from secondary reporting (heise, Next Platform); the official page gives the EUR 120 m EU share. Open-source licence of outputs not stated. Chinese participants: none documented."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-openeurollm",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "OpenEuroLLM",
    "summary": "EU-funded project to build open European LLMs, funded by the Digital Europe Programme (grant agreement 101195233). Partners are universities, companies and HPC centres.",
    "since": "2025",
    "scale": "n/d",
    "sources": [
      "https://openeurollm.eu/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Amount, coordinator and licence not stated on the site page visited. Chinese participants: none documented."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-eurollm",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "EuroLLM (open-weight multilingual model)",
    "summary": "Open-weight model family covering 35 languages including the 24 official EU languages (and Chinese), Apache-2.0; developed by a consortium (IST Lisbon, Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Edinburgh, Unbabel, Aveni, Paris-Saclay, Amsterdam, Naver Labs, Sorbonne, Artefact) with EU funding per the model card.",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "EuroLLM-22B-Instruct-2512 model card",
    "sources": [
      "https://huggingface.co/utter-project/EuroLLM-22B-Instruct-2512"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Funding programme and amount not specified on the card. Chinese is only a supported language; no Chinese contributor documented."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-rise-riscv",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "RISE Project (RISC-V software ecosystem)",
    "summary": "Linux Foundation project accelerating the RISC-V software stack (firmware, kernel, cloud, toolchains); TSC-led working groups propose projects to a Board.",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "n/d",
    "sources": [
      "https://riseproject.dev/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "B",
    "note": "Evidence B: the official page does not name members or confirm Linux Foundation Europe, so the European link is not established; listed as a global stack Europe depends on. Members page not read."
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-gaia-x",
    "side": "EU",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Gaia-X (data and cloud federation)",
    "summary": "Run by the Gaia-X European Association for Data and Cloud AISBL (Brussels), one member one vote; promotes open-source Digital Clearing Houses and a verification framework.",
    "since": "n/d",
    "scale": "member count not stated on the page",
    "sources": [
      "https://gaia-x.eu/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "B",
    "note": "Evidence B: only the homepage was read. Funding, licence and Chinese participation not addressed (not verified either way)."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openeuler",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "openEuler (OpenAtom)",
    "summary": "Server/cloud/embedded OS incubated by the OpenAtom Foundation, MulanPSL2; success stories grouped under finance, carrier, energy, logistics. Claims: cumulative installed base above 16 million by end-2025 (Nov 2025 summit projection); over 10 million at the 2024 summit; 6.31 million community users on 28 Feb 2026 (community bulletin).",
    "since": "2019 (open-sourced); OpenAtom since 2021",
    "scale": "claim: >16 m installs (2025 projection); 6.31 m users (self-reported)",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.openeuler.org/en/",
      "https://www.openeuler.org/en/news/20260308-openEuler-Monthly-Bulletin-01-02/20260308-openEuler-Monthly-Bulletin-2026-01-02",
      "https://www.huaweicentral.com/open-source-huawei-operating-system-to-exceed-16-million-installations/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Governance: foundation (OpenAtom), Huawei the dominant sponsor (not read on an official page here). Installed-base figures are community/Huawei claims, unverified; unclear whether cumulative installs or active. Overseas contributors: not stated on the page. Public funding: not documented."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openharmony",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "OpenHarmony (OpenAtom) for industry",
    "summary": "Open-source OS operated by the OpenAtom Foundation; GitHub mirror (816 repos, sampled ones Apache-2.0) with main development on GitCode. Press reports use in industrial, energy, transport and public-service systems; Eclipse Oniro builds on it.",
    "since": "2020 (donated to OpenAtom)",
    "scale": "press: >1.6 m community users, 44 SIGs (April 2025)",
    "sources": [
      "https://github.com/openharmony",
      "https://www.opensourceforu.com/2026/01/openharmony-scales-from-codebase-to-national-infrastructure-platform/",
      "https://www.huaweicentral.com/eclipse-and-openatom-will-jointly-develop-openharmony/amp/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "B",
    "note": "Mirror facts are A; adoption figures come from secondary press and are claims. EU participation: Eclipse Foundation via Oniro (fact, see eu-eclipse-oniro)."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-kuanghong",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Kuanghong (mine-hong): OpenHarmony-based coal-mine OS",
    "summary": "OpenHarmony-based OS for coal-mine equipment launched by Huawei with China Energy Investment (Guoneng), reported as the first deployment of the Harmony lineage on non-consumer industrial equipment.",
    "since": "press (year to be checked)",
    "scale": "number of mines not found",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.jiemian.com/article/6599316.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "C",
    "note": "Single press source (jiemian.com); year and deployment counts not verified. Original Huawei/China Energy release to be found (VPN queue)."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openanolis",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "OpenAnolis / Anolis OS",
    "summary": "Linux distribution community founded by Alibaba Cloud with other members in 2020; Anolis OS under Mulan PSL v2 (packages keep own licences); Alibaba reports donation to OpenAtom; chairs/directors largely Alibaba staff; OpenChain ISO/IEC 5230 and 18974 conformance.",
    "since": "2020",
    "scale": "claim: >800,000 users (OpenChain page)",
    "sources": [
      "https://openchainproject.org/?p=10755",
      "https://www.alibabacloud.com/blog/the-initiation-and-development-of-openanolis-open-source-community_599129"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "B",
    "note": "Company-led under a foundation umbrella. User number is a community claim; Alibaba blog is self-published. Current OpenAtom status not verified."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-xiangshan",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "XiangShan RISC-V CPU (ICT-CAS / BOSC)",
    "summary": "Open-source high-performance RISC-V processor in Chisel, Mulan PSL v2 (docs CC-BY-4.0); copyright ICT-CAS (2020-2026), BOSC (2021-2026), Peng Cheng Laboratory (2020-2022). Kunminghu generation under development (v2 recommended for downstream use).",
    "since": "2019/2020",
    "scale": "self-reported: within ~8% of Arm Neoverse N2 (press; unverified)",
    "sources": [
      "https://github.com/OpenXiangShan/XiangShan",
      "https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/08/chinese_riscv_project_teases_2025/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Governance: research institute plus non-profit BOSC; public research funding presumed, not documented here. Performance claim unverified. Foreign contributors: not documented."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-paddlepaddle",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "PaddlePaddle deep-learning framework",
    "summary": "Open-source deep learning framework, Apache-2.0, open-sourced 2016; latest release listed 3.3; about 24.1k GitHub stars.",
    "since": "2016",
    "scale": "24.1k stars, 6.0k forks (GitHub)",
    "sources": [
      "https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Maintainer (Baidu) not stated on the repo page; company-governed per general knowledge, not confirmed here. README states use in manufacturing and agriculture (generic)."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-deepseek",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "DeepSeek open-weight LLMs (MIT)",
    "summary": "DeepSeek-R1 code and weights are MIT-licensed per the Hugging Face model card; distilled variants inherit base-model licences (Qwen-2.5 Apache-2.0, Llama 3.1/3.3).",
    "since": "2025-01",
    "scale": "n/d",
    "sources": [
      "https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Company-governed; public funding not documented. Open weights, not open training data."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-qwen",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Qwen open-weight LLMs (Alibaba)",
    "summary": "Qwen3-235B-A22B published by the Qwen organization on Hugging Face under Apache-2.0.",
    "since": "2025",
    "scale": "n/d",
    "sources": [
      "https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-235B-A22B"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Licence verified for this model only; other Qwen variants may differ (check per card). Company-governed."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-openatom",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "OpenAtom Foundation (open-source foundation)",
    "summary": "Non-profit founded June 2020 in Beijing, self-described as China first open-source foundation; hosts OpenHarmony, openEuler, openKylin, IvorySQL; claims over 60 graduated/incubating projects and over 70 passing TOC review.",
    "since": "2020-06",
    "scale": "claim: >60 projects (self-reported)",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.openatom.org/"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "note": "Supervising ministry not stated on the page; public funding not documented here. Partnership with the Eclipse Foundation via Oniro."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-atomgit",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "AtomGit (OpenAtom code hosting)",
    "summary": "OpenAtom collaboration platform for open-source communities; GitCode terms describe unified accounts with AtomGit; a next-generation AtomGit is reported live at the OpenAtom developer conference of 21 Nov 2025 with model/dataset hosting.",
    "since": "2025-11 (reported)",
    "scale": "n/d",
    "sources": [
      "https://openatom.cn/",
      "https://docs.gitcode.com/en/docs/help/home/protocol/terms-of-service"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "C",
    "note": "Relaunch date from a single Chinese secondary source. Gitee not checked. OpenHarmony GitHub mirror redirects contributors to GitCode."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-shijiazhuang-market-supervision-openeuler",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Shijiazhuang market-supervision platform phase II specifies openEuler 22.03 LTS",
    "summary": "Requirements document of the Shijiazhuang municipal Smart Market Supervision Platform phase II (Shijiazhuang Data/Big Data Bureau site, 3 Jun 2024) specifies the server environment \"操作系统：openEuler-22.03-LTS\". Fact: a named municipal government system is specified to run on openEuler.",
    "since": "2024-06",
    "scale": "municipal government application",
    "sources": [
      "https://sjj.sjz.gov.cn/attachments/1/202406/03/16.%E7%9F%B3%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%84%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E7%9B%91%E7%AE%A1%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0II%E6%9C%9F%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%8820240603104842734.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": true,
    "note": "Round 6 (2 Nov). Lead from Qwen, verified by Claude (pdftotext, 49 pp). Requirement spec, not proof of go-live; first named government application (not just a cloud OS option) found on openEuler."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-changde-egov-cloud-openeuler-context",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Changde e-gov cloud catalogue: security services support openEuler hosts",
    "summary": "Changde e-government cloud service catalogue (Dec 2023) lists log-audit and host-antivirus services that support \"麒麟V10、openEuler、UOS\" ARM systems. Context only: support for openEuler guests, not an openEuler offering.",
    "since": "2023-12-29",
    "scale": "municipal government cloud",
    "sources": [
      "https://czj.changde.gov.cn/group1/M00/02/FA/ClADFGWnfcyAXJolACSM4OgrG0g181.pdf"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": false,
    "gate_a_reason": "support for openEuler guests only, not a deployment",
    "note": "Round 6, lead from Qwen."
  },
  {
    "id": "xx-catenax-caam-trusted-data-space",
    "side": "EU-CN",
    "category": "bridge",
    "title": "Catena-X ↔ CAAM/VDA: China–Europe automotive trusted data space",
    "summary": "Both sides name each other. CAAM (2025-04-24): CAAM, VDA and Catena-X signed a strategic cooperation agreement at Auto Shanghai. Catena-X: tripartite LoI with CAICT and Sungent (Suzhou, 2025-07-17); China–Europe pilot with 25 Chinese companies (IAA 2025); cross-border data ecosystem with CAAM and VDA China, Zhonglian/众链数智 as operating partner (2026-07-22); CAAM (2026-08-03) reports the ecosystem signing, first use case battery passport. Inference: Catena-X architecture is implemented in the open-source Eclipse Tractus-X; the bridge is on data-space standards and interoperability, open-source code reuse by Chinese side not documented. Government source: Jiangsu Data Bureau (reprinting Suzhou Data Bureau, 2026-05-08) reports the launch of the Catena-X Automotive Network China Digital Clearing House by Sungent, Catena-X, CAICT, Cofinity-X and GIZ.",
    "since": "2025-04-24",
    "scale": "industry associations; 25 Chinese companies in the pilot",
    "sources": [
      "http://www.caam.org.cn/chn/1/cate_3/con_5236714.html",
      "http://www.caam.org.cn/data/chn/8/cate_81/chn/1/cate_1/con_5237259.html",
      "https://catena-x.net/news/catena-x-expands-global-collaboration-tripartite-letter-of-intent-signed-in-suzhou/",
      "https://catena-x.net/news/catena-x-showcases-breakthrough-china-pilot-with-25-companies-unveiled-at-iaa/",
      "https://catena-x.net/news/catena-x-launches-worlds-first-cross-border-automotive-industry-data-ecosystem-between-china-and-europe/",
      "http://jszwb.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2026/5/8/art_19420_11766938.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": true,
    "note": "Round 6 (2 Nov). Leads ChatGPT (EU side) + DeepSeek (CN side), all five pages fetched by Claude. Third verified EU–CN bridge."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-easyxmen-automotive",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "EasyXMen (开源小满): open-source automotive basic software (CETC)",
    "summary": "CETC Taiji Puhua Basic Software relaunched its open-source \"Xiaoman\" development platform, open to global OEMs and Tier-1s for POC and pre-production development (CETC official site, 28 Oct 2026). Fills the Chinese automotive layer; governance is a state-owned enterprise.",
    "since": "2026-10-28 (relaunch)",
    "scale": "not quantified",
    "sources": [
      "http://www.nci.ac.cn/zgdk/1593322/1593325/2130336/index.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": true,
    "note": "Round 6, lead from DeepSeek. Licence not confirmed."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-shenzhen-openharmony-industrial-subsidy",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "industrial-stack",
    "title": "Shenzhen subsidises industrial adoption of OpenHarmony and OpenHarmony-adapted RISC-V chips",
    "summary": "Shenzhen Municipal Government General Office, measures to support equipment renewal and technical upgrading of industrial firms (Gazette 2026 no. 9, total 1408), item 5 \"support firms using OpenHarmony/RISC-V\": upgrade projects of 5 million yuan or more that adopt the OpenHarmony OS get up to 15% of approved investment, plus 5% for devices using RISC-V chips adapted to OpenHarmony in control/drive components; cap 10 million yuan per project; responsible unit Shenzhen MIIT bureau. Fact: first documented public funding instrument for a Chinese open-source industrial stack in our catalogue. Commitment (budget line), not disbursement.",
    "since": "2026",
    "scale": "municipal (Shenzhen); per-project cap 10M yuan",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2026/gb1408/content/post_12722449.html",
      "https://web.archive.org/web/20261020120659/https://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2026/gb1408/content/post_12722449.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "A",
    "gate_a_counts": true,
    "note": "3 Nov: original blocked from EU IPs; read from the Wayback Machine copy of 20 Oct 2026 (archived). Corrects the earlier negative finding \"no documented public funding for CN stacks\"."
  },
  {
    "id": "cn-shenfu-egov-xc-cloud-anolis",
    "side": "CN",
    "category": "pa-reuse",
    "title": "Shenfu Reform and Innovation Demonstration Zone (Liaoning) e-government XC cloud runs Anolis OS 8.9",
    "summary": "Case study published by the OpenAnolis community (Aliyun developer community, 22 Nov 2024): phase I of the Shenfu demonstration zone XC government cloud uses 50 Loongson servers, all running Anolis OS 8.9 (community edition, open source), with a Loongson national-crypto cloud platform on top; it hosts party-and-government XC and other applications. Fact (as reported by vendor/community): a named government-zone e-government cloud deployed on an open-source OS. Won the OpenAnolis 2024 mid-year best user case award.",
    "since": "2024",
    "scale": "zone-level e-government cloud, phase I 50 servers",
    "sources": [
      "https://developer.aliyun.com/article/1640275",
      "https://liaoning.zhaobiao.cn/succeed_v_59481b38cd46ae230b00414b476997da.html",
      "https://vip.chinabidding.cc/markinfo/rMvvIFXWAtOLUjWd7JE..A.html"
    ],
    "status": "verified",
    "evidence": "B",
    "gate_a_counts": false,
    "note": "Daily run 5 Nov 2026: lead from DeepSeek, verified on the original (archived); B (community self-report). Daily run 6 Nov 2026: government-side trail documented — ccgp has no notice (searched, rate-limited routes + DeepSeek negative); the 政务云一期 purchaser is China Unicom Liaoning (operator model, third-party tender platforms); 《沈抚示范区信创云平台及配套设施建设项目中标公示》 2025-12-30 (zhaobiao.cn extract archived, B): cloud-lease package to Unicom Fushun ¥6,495,000/yr for 3 years (amount A-v via chinabidding), spec requires 全面国产化替代 of OS/DB/compute but names no CPU or OS brand. Evidence stays B: Anolis 8.9 named only by the OpenAnolis case; gate_a_counts stays false. Finding: CN XC procurement specs are brand-neutral while the concrete OS choice surfaces only in vendor/community case studies."
  }
]